Hello everyone,
Today we will study about irrigation water management.we all know that irrigation is the one of most important practice for crop production. In this blog will study about IRRIGATION, IRRIGATION PURPOSE, ADVANTAGE, METHODS OF IRRIGATION and IT'S ADVANTAGE and DISADVANTAGES. So let's go....
Concept of irrigation
Irrigation :
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land for growing crops or trees.
According to 'Hansen' -
Irrigation is the artificial application of water for the purpose of supplying moisture essential to the plant growth.
Irrigation purposes :
# To add water to the soil for supplying the moisture essential for the plant growth.
# To provide crop insurance against short duration drought.
# To cool the soil atmosphere, thereby making more favourable environment for plant growth.
# To washout or dilute salts in the soil.
# To soften the tillage pans
# To reduce the hazards of soil piping.
Advantage of Irrigation :
• Irrigation play a key role in increasing food production to feed the expending population.
• irrigation can ensure a stable production in traditional dryland farming system, subjected to frequent vagaries of rainfall.
• irrigation can prolong the effective growing period in area with dry seasons, plant permitting multiple cropping and employment generation.
• With the security of cropping under irrigation, additional inputs ( fertilizer, tillage,p production etc) become economically feasible.
• Irrigation reduced the risk of expensive inputs being wasted by drought.
Adverse effect of irrigation
• Irrigation without appropriate drainage leads to land degradation (waterlogging and soil salinisation) leading to to reduce crop productivity.
• Groundwater pollution especially with nitrates, due to seepage of water carrying nitrates from applied fertilizers to the groundwater.
• Irrigation may lead to to cloder and damper climate conductive to outbreak of pest and disease.
Methods of irrigation :
There are Three methods of irrigation , these are -
1. Surface method
2. Sub surface method
3. Micro method.
Also read👇👇👇
1. Surface method of irrigation:
Surface method of irrigation is further divided into:
• Flooding method
• Chech basin method
• Ring basin method
• Border strip method
• Furrow method
• Surge method.
Flooring method :
🍅 Used for lowland rice and other crops.
🍅 water is allowed from the channel into the field without much control on either side of flow.
🍅 it converts the entire field and move almost unguided.
🍅 the height of bonds around the field should 15cm for effective use of rainfall.
🍅 it is a minimum labour intensive method.
Advantage.
👉 Less labour required.
👉 No extra care.
👉 Large stream can be easily managed.
Disadvantage
👉 Uneven distribution of water.
👉 Low water application efficiency.
Check Basin Method :
🍎 Most common method of surface Irrigation.
🍎 The field is divided into small plots surrounding by small bunds on all four sides.
🍎 Water from head channel is supplied to the field channel one after another.
🍎 Each field channel supplied water to two row of check Basin and water is applied to one basin after another.
🍎 The size of check Basin range from 4m × 3m depending upon stream size and soil structure.
Advantage.
👉 Uniformly water application.
👉 Suitable for those fields which are large and not easy to leave the entire field.
Disadvantage.
👉 More labour required for field layout and Irrigation.
👉 Wastage of field or land is more under Irrigation and bunds.
Ring Basin method :
• Basin around the tree are made.
• It is suitable for fruit tree.
• It enhances the water use efficiency and fewer losses
• Basin are generally round in shape and occasionally square shaped.
• Basin are small when the field are young and the size is increased with age of tree.
• Basin are connected by channel Irrigation.
Border Strip Method.
• Field divided into number of strips by bunds of around 15cm height.
•These parallel earth ridges (called border) are formed to guide the flow of the water across the field.
• Length are Strip range from 30m - 50m, while width is from 3m - 5m.
• The slop range from 0.1-1per cent.
• water from the channel is allowed into each Strip at a time.
• This method is suitable for close growing crops and medium to heavy texture soils , but not suitable for sandy soils.
Advantage
• large Irrigation streams can be efficiently used.
•This method gives highest water use efficiency than others surface Irrigation method.
Disadvantage
• No uniform distribution of water.
• This method can not applied for sandy soils.
Furrow method
• Furrows are formed along or across the slope and water from pipes is diverted into the furrows.
• Water infiltrate from the bottom and sides of the furrow moving downward and laterally to wet the soil.
• Water is allowed into 3 - 5 furrows at a time from open ditches and or pipes.
• This method is adopted to crops grown with ridges and furrows.
• This method is suitable for crops i.e. Sorghum, cotton, maize, tobacco, potato, sugarcane.......etc.
Surge Method :
Intermittent application of water to the field surface under gravity flow which results in series of 'On and Off' modes of constant or variable time Span.
Advantage
• Infiltration uniformity is increased.
• Deep percolation is reduced compared to continuous water application due to intermittent wetting and drying process.
2. Sub surface Irrigation method :
Through under ground perforated pipe or through deep trenches at 15 to 30m intervals water gradually wet root zone and through capillary movement.
Advantage
• Evaporation loss is less due to dry surface.
• Less weed management.
• Deep trenches should be made for drainage.
Disadvantage
• Deep percolation through trenches.
• maintenance of pipeline is difficult.
• high initial cost.
3. Micro Irrigation Methods :
It is basically two types.
A. Sprinkler irrigation method
B. Drip Irrigation method.
Sprinkler irrigation method :
• water is applied as a spray or as rain over the crop.
• Rate of water delivery is > 1000 litre per hours.
• it operates at the pressure of > 2.5 bar and through water as a spray upto the distance of > 10 m.
Advantage
👉 Uniform distribution of water.
👉 Saving of water from 25 -50%
👉 Saving of land 10-20%
👉 Irrigation area is increased by 1 to 2 times with the same amount of the water.
👉No risk of soil erosion and runoff.
👉 Suitable for undulating land and steep sloppy.
👉 Suitable for saline soil to leach salts.
Disadvantage
👉 Not followed under high wind velocity.
👉 High initial cost.
👉 More spreading of disease.
👉 Can not be used for rice and jute cripes.
Drip irrigation method :
🍄 It is discovered in Israel.
🍄 It is also known as Trickle Irrigation.
🍄 Discharge rate of water per dripper is 1 to 4 little per hour.
🍄 It consists of main line , sub pipe line laterals and emitters.
🍄 The discharge is from emitters.
🍄The Irrigation interval is 1 to 4 days.
🍄 It serves 50-70% water.
Advantage
🍄Well suited for areas of acute water shortage.
🍄 Minimisation of soil erosion and deep percolation and runoff losses.
🍄 Water is maintained at field capacity.
🍄 Salt concentration is less.
🍄 No land leveling is necessary.
🍄 Herbigation and fertigation can also be applied.
🍄 Less disease and weed infestation.
Disadvantage
🍄 Clogging of emitters.
🍄 Damage the lateral system due to rodents and other animals.
🍄 Salts accumulation near plant due to lake of sufficient moisture for leaching.
🍄 High initial cost.
🍄 Inadequate root development.
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ReplyDeleteGreat Post! Thanks for sharing such beautiful information with us. Please keep sharing.
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