Hydroponics: Definition | Types | Advantage | Disadvantage

 Diseases of wheat :

There are various disease which affected the the wheat production such as:-

1. Stem Rust :

Caused by - Puccinia graminis tritici

                             Symptoms

∆ Reddish brown pustules observed on stem.

∆ The large number of uredospori burst, release their spores.

∆ Infected parts bursting to expose a mass of brown uredospores.

∆ Brownish appearance even from a distance.

                         Disease of wheat

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Disease of rice

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                           Management

∆ plant certified or  high quality, disease free seed.

∆ use rust resistant variety.

∆ single foliage spray of new systemic fungicide such as Bayleton, Diniconazol can control steam rust.

2. Leaf Rust :

Caused by : Puccinia recondita.

                           Symptoms .

∆ lesions are generally reddish brown in colour.

∆ Small circular to oval yellow spots on infected tissue of the upper leaf surface.

∆ As the disease progresses the sports developed into to orange coloured postulate that may be surrounded by a yellow halo.

∆ Black spores may be produced, resulting in a mixture of of orange and black lesion on the the leaf.

                         Disease of wheat

                         Management

∆ plant certified or  high quality, disease free seed.

∆ use rust resistant variety.

∆ single foliage spray of new systemic fungicide such as Bayleton, Diniconazol can control steam rust.

3. Strip Rust ( yellow rust ) :

Caused by - Puccinia striiformis.

                            Symptoms

∆ stripe Rust include long strips of small yellow or orange blister like lesions called Pustules.

∆ The disease is most common on leaves but also can affected glums.

∆ Appears early in the spring.

                           Disease of wheat

                          Management

∆ plant certified or  high quality, disease free seed.

∆ use rust resistant variety.

∆ single foliage spray of new systemic fungicide such as Bayleton, Diniconazol can control steam rust.

4. Loose smut of wheat :

Caused by - Ustilago tritici.

                          Symptoms 

∆ it can only be seen at the time of flowering through the plant are infected right after seed germination.

∆ Ears of  infected one emerge early  than healthy one and transformed into black powdery mass.

∆ whole ears is covered by delicate silvery membrance.

∆ Resulting in formation of very dark olive brown powdery mass.

 

                       Disease of wheat

                          Management

∆ use systemic fungicide.

∆ Use resistant varieties.

∆ Remove the diseased plant or plant parts.

∆ Plant certified or high quality, disease free seed.

5. Kernel Bunt : 

   Caused by - Neovassia indica

                           Symptoms.

∆ Black masses of spores on section of the grain which crush easily into a black powder, and produce an odour like rotten fish.

∆ Some grain in the spike are partially or wholly converted into black powdery masses.

∆ The fungus is both seed borne and soil born.

∆ The black powdery seed is foul smell due to presence of trimethylamine.

     

                    Disease of wheat
  

                           Management.

∆ Grow resistant varieties.

∆ Use disease free seeds.

∆ Treat seed with Agrosen GN or Ceresan or Vitavax @ 2.25 g/kg.

∆ Avoid excess Irrigation at the time of flowering.

∆ Crop rotation can be done.

6. Powdery mildew :

Caused by - Erysiphe graminis var. Tritici

                            Symptoms 

∆ Greyish white powdery growth appears on leaf , sheath , stem and floral part.

∆ Powdery growth later become black lesion.

∆ Drying of leave and other parts.

     

                       Disease of wheat
 

  

                       Management.

∆ Resistant varieties.

∆ Crop rotation.

∆ Avoid excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer.

∆ Spray fungicide.

7. Ear Cockle Disease of wheat :

Caused by - Anguina tritici.

Anguina tritici is  a wheat seed gall nematodes.

                            Symptoms.

∆ The presence of anguina tritici is indicated by dring plants,wrinkled and twisted leaves of young plant, reduced and irregular heads (ear) having the typical cockles ( light to dark brown , round Gall instead of healthy grain.)

∆ The ears of diseased plant do not emerge property.

∆ Growth of the plant reduces.

                         Disease of wheat

                      Management

∆ crop rotation should be done.

∆  Hot water treatment should be give hand to the seed for 2 hours at 50 degree Celsius.

∆ Crop rotation with none host crop for 1 to 2 years will eliminate nematodes, present in the field.

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