Training :
When the plant is stalked or supported over a trellis or pergola in certain fashion or some of its path are removed or trimmed with a view to give the plant a particular shape, this operation is called training.
🌲 Training controls the shape of plant.
🌲it aims at proper distribution of fruit bearing parts, control of insects and diseases, checking loss from breakage and determines the proper grade or quality of fruit.
Types of training system :
1. Centre leader system
2. Open centre system
3. Modified leader system.
1. Central leader/Pyramid system.
🌲 In this system, the main trunk is allowed to develop without interruption. The first branch is allowed to grow at 45 to 50 cm height from ground level and other branches are allowed to grow on main stem at a distance of 15 to 20 CM.
🌲 This system is more suitable for pear.
🌲 Difficult to spray, pruning thin and harvest.
2. Open centre system :
🌲 In this system the main trunk is beheaded, when the plant attains height of 40 to 50cm. 3 to 5 nearly equally developed primary lateral branches which are well scattered, arranged and distributed are allowed to develop from trunk.
🌲 This system leads to spreading structure ,through with somewhat weaker croches faciliting thinning, spraying, picking,removal of disease portion.
🌲 It exposes the tree to maximum extent and this has a uniform distribution of fruit on the branches.
🌲this system is not suitable for high altitude where frost observance is common.
🌲it is mostly practiced in peaches, Apple, cherries and American type of plum.
3. Modified leaders system :
🌲This system intermediate form of Central leader and open centre system and draws the benefits of both system.
🌲 It is first trained like Center leader by alloying steam to grow for first 4 to 5 years and then headed back to 75 to 120 cm height from ground level.
🌲 On the main stem the first shoot is selected at the the at the height of 40 cm from the ground and 4 to 5 branches located at a distance of 15 to 20 cm and placed all around the main stem are selected.
🌲 When properly formed, it provides stronger crotches, better spacing between lateral and more height than open head tree.
🌲 Easy to spraying, pruning and harvesting.
🌲 Mostly used for commercial fruits.
Pruning :
Removal of any excess or undesirable or unproductive branches shoots or any other parts of the plant so as to allow the remaining part to grow normally or according to desire of prunner is called pruning.
🌲 It improves the shape of plant, influences the growth behaviour, flowering time and fruitfulness besides improving the quality of fruit.
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Types of pruning system :
1. Heading back
2. Thinning out
3. Ringing
4. Notching
1. Heading back :
🌲 In heading back, the terminal portion of twins canes or Shoots is removed but the basal portion is not.
🌲 It stimulates the development of more growing points than corresponding thinning out.
2. Thinning out :
When the shoots or branches, which are considered undesirable, are removed entirely from the base or point of attachment, it is called thinning out.
3. Ringing / Girdling :
In this process, a circular ring of bark measuring about 3 cm in length is removed.
4. Notching :
🌲 Making a notch above a bud by removing a wedge shaped piece of bark is termed as notching.
🌲 It checks the influence of hormone and encourage growth.
Systems of planting fruit crops
There are various system of planting fruit crop such as...
1. Square system
2. Rectangular system
3. Triangular system
4. Hexagonal system
5. Quincunx system
6. Contour system.
1. Square system :
🌲 This system is simplest system of fruiting planting.
🌲 The plot is divided into a square, a tree is planted at each corner of a square.
🌲 In this system, intercultural operations can be done in both the direction as tree or at equal distance.
🌲 This system of planting also facilities for taking intercrops.
2. Rectangular system :
🌲 In this system of planting plot is divided into a rectangle.
🌲 the trees are planted at four corner of rectangle in straight grow running at right angle.
🌲 Rectangle system allows plants for planting in row with keeping more space.
3. Triangular system :
🌲 In this system of planting, a tree is planted on a corner of each angle of triangle.
🌲 This has not much advantage over a square system accept it provides more open space to tree but interculture operation are not easy to carry.
4. Hexagonal system :
🌲 In this system of planting, a tree is planted at each corner of equilateral triangle.
🌲 In this way 6 trees from a hexagon which seventh tree in the centre.
🌲 The system is preferred where land is costly and very fertile with assured irrigation.
🌲 15% more trees can be planted in a hexagonal system then square system.
5. Quincunx system :
🌲 It is modified form of the squares system.
🌲 In this system one tree is planted in the centre of a square of a permanent trees. This tree is short lived and known as filler tree like Banana, papaya, pomegranates, fig etc.
🌲 The Filler tree are removed when main trees developed full canopy of start baring.
🌲 this is economic to plant filler as they provide additional income to cultivators in the earlier year of the orchard.
6. Contour system :
🌲 This system of planting is allowed on hills where the land is undulated and soil erosion is common and irrigation of Orchard is difficult.
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