Hydroponics: Definition | Types | Advantage | Disadvantage

Introduction :

▪ The activities and efforts performed in planning, arranging and running an association referred to as administration.

▪ Planning is an important element in administration as it involves a detailed arrangement of material and human resources required to achieve a desired aim.

▪ For any association or business to succeed and to attain all its aims, an administration must be in place. Aspects to consider include principles of administration and planning, supervision, staff  provocation, discipline, and staff participation.

Meaning of Administration : 

▪ The Operation or management  of public affairs of a government or institution is called administration.

▪ Administration can be defined as the guidance leadership and control of the sweats of a group of individuals towards some common aim.

▪ The word‘ administrator’is derived from the Latin word “ announcement ministrative” meaning to serve, or look after the people to manage affairs.

Principles of Administration : 

▪ Principles are a companion to action.

▪ It's assumed that increased effectiveness of administration will do when the principles of administration are followed.

▪ These principles are also called guidelines as they guide the administration in the performance of their job.

1. Principle of Hierarchy

▪ The members of the associations are arranged in a definite inferior – super ordinate hierarchy of line positions.

▪ In the effective association each worker knows who his administrator is and each administrator knows whom he's expected to supervise.

2. Principles of Authority

▪ Effective administration will occur when authority allocated to an individual or group of individuals, is

sufficient.

▪ The authority and the responsibility should be easily defined and understand by all persons in the organizations.

3. Principles of responsibility with matching authority 

▪ The individual shouldn't be burdened only with liabilities but should also be provided with matching authority.

▪ This is more important in a decentralized form of administration.

▪ Responsibility without authority is just like stranding an individual to fight with a tiger without a gun or

weapon.

4. Principles of span of control

▪ Span of control is the number of subordinates one has he supervise.

▪ In general, the span of control is similar as to permit to decision timber as it demanded.

▪ It helps in attaining quality decision.

▪ It results in increased effectiveness and effectiveness in attaining the organizational objects.

 5. Principles of communication

▪ There should be two way channel of communication, both perpendicular and vertical in the association.

▪ Communication ensures common understanding of association values and objects clear and proper assignments of authority and functions.

Also read : Tillage : Definition , Types , Objective , Modern Concept Of Tillage

 Basic principles or the summary of former principles-

• The structure of executive association is established in a sub-ordinate and superordinate scale of line of positions. Each member of staff reports to only one administrator officer.

• Effective administration occurs when the authority allocated to an existent is easily defined and understood by the person concerned.

• The authority assigned to an individual in an association is commensurable to the responsibility.

• Two- way channel of communication, perpendicular and vertical must be maintained to develop desirable staff stations and interest in an association.

• Effective use of specialists knowledge in planning and enforcing programme should be maintained.

• An director should see himself as a regulator of decision- making process rather than the decision maker.

Basic functions of administration-

▪ Administrators, engage in a common set of functions to meet the associations pretensions.

▪ POSDCoRB lists the functions of the directors according to Luther Gulick.

▪ POSDCORB is an acronym created by Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick in their “ Papers on the Science of Administration” (1937)

▪ POSDCoRB includes seven functions.

▪ POSDCoRB-

▪ The acronym which formulates the responsibility of a chief executive or administrator stands for

▪ P – Planning

▪ O – Organizing

▪ S-Staffing

▪ D – Directing

▪ Co –Co-ordinating

▪ R – Reporting

▪ B – Budgeting

1. Planning-

▪ Planning is a decision making process and involves electing and integrating the course of action that an association follows to attain it’s aims.

▪ Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do, who's to do and with what result.

2. Organizing-

▪ Organizing is the establishment of the formal structure of authority through which work subdivisions are arranged defined and coordinated for the defined target.

3. Staffing-

▪ Staffing is the whole personnel function of getting in and training the staff and maintaining favorable conditions of work.

▪ Therefore recruitment, appointment, promotion, discipline,retirement, etc are functions which must receive due attention of the directors.

 4. Directing-

▪ Directing relates to the orders issued by the directors or elders to the inferiors, Directing the conditioning of administration or an association.

▪ It's the nonstop task of making opinions and embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions and serving as the leader of the enterprise.

 5. Co-ordinating-

▪ Coordinating is the each-important duty of interrelating the various region of the work.

▪ Extension association need coordination of associations like as department of Agriculture department of beast husbandry, horticulture, forest departmentetc. in order to be effective in transer of technologies to the growers.

▪ Collaboration aims at combining individualities, groups  and associations as‘Team’to attain the organizational goals.

6. Reporting-

▪ Report is a formal record of conditioning or performance.

▪ Reporting is the responsibility of the executive to keep himself updated with the progress of conditioning in the association.

▪ It's through Reporting, that the that the directors become aware  of the problems in the association for which he may initiate corrective measures by issuing necessary directions.

7. Budgeting-

▪ Budgeting means stating the objectives in numerical and financial terms.

▪ It aims to arriving at, least cost and utmost effective model for implementation of a design. Budgeting provides for pre- expenditure control of finances.

Also read : Tillage : Definition , Types , Objective , Modern Concept Of Tillage

Types of administration -

It is of two types :

1. Public administration 
2. Private administration 

▪ In any case, administration practices inconceivable power, further out in the public administration.

▪ Public administration is regularly varied and private administration with a view to discovering likenesses and difference between the two.

 Public administration-

▪ Public Administration is a field of study that's concerned with the systematic application of public programs and programmes formulated by the state.

▪ It relates to the executive functions carried out by the government. It focuses on furnishing services to the general public, to insure a good and safe life to people.

▪ It's both a discipline as well as an exertion. While as a discipline, it covers all the subjects, i.e. budgeting, planning, organising, controlling, reporting, directing, staffing,etc.

 Private administration-

▪ Private Administration is defined as operation and organisation of private business enterprises.

▪ It's an administrative function carried out by the private individualities or a group, to earn a profit.

▪ It's a business activity which isnon-political in nature.

▪ It involves an array of conditioning like planning, organising, controlling, coordinating and perpetration of programs and programs, performed by the operation of the organisation.

Extension administration-

▪ The principle of administration when applied to extension further it's called extension administration.

▪ Administration in extension is concerned basically with bringing human beings together for the purpose of executing extension functions.

▪ Extension administration refers to the art of commanding, guiding and controlling human and material coffers in an extension system

▪ Everything from planning to implementation is done through active participation of growers.

  Conclusion -

▪ Public administration runs in a governmental setting, and that is why it's also known as government administration.

▪ On the negative, the private administration is a business process, hence considered as business administration.

▪ Both of them play a vital role in contributing towards the development of the society in different ways. Also, the measurement of performance, progress and results there of, can be done using different ways.

 Differences between public and private administration-

1. The systematized and well- planned management of the affairs of the state to achieve the purposes established by the government is known as Public Administration. The term private administration refers to the operation, management, and organisation of the affairs of the business enterprise.

2. Public Administration is a political process. On the other hand, the private administration is a business exertion.

3. Public administration follows a bureaucratic approach, while the private administration has an egalitarian approach.

4. Public administration takes place in governmental setup, whereas private administration operates in the structure other than the governmental setup.

5. Decision making in public administration is pluralistic, but in private administration, there's monopolistic decisions are taken.

6. In public administration, the profit is generated from taxes, prices, duties, penalties and other dues paid by the general public. As opposed to private administration, where gains from operating activities are the major source of profit.

▪ 7. When it comes to responsibility, public officials are responsible to the general public. Unlike, private administration where the workers are responsible to the possessors.

▪ 8. Public administration is weal acquainted; it works with service motive. Conversely, the private  administration is profit oriented.

Also read : Tillage : Definition , Types , Objective , Modern Concept Of Tillage