Modern Farm machinery: Application Method, and their Maintenance
Modern Farm machinery has been the most advanced in the world. It is equipped with advanced technology and a high level of automation, so that it is easy to operate, has a high degree of automation, high efficiency, low operating costs, and can achieve the purpose of environmental protection. The use of farm machinery has a direct impact on farm production, so it is important to choose the right machinery and apply it properly.
Uses of various advanced agricultural machines in agriculture:
Advanced equipment for plowing and seed bed preparation:
1. Power Tiller
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It is a power operated machine which is very useful for small holding farmers.
Power tiller is a good alternative to bull driven plow. Farmers can also earn extra income by running it on hire.
Through this, the work of plowing the field (initial traction) to sowing, harvesting and transportation of crops is done.
Along with this other agricultural equipment such as seed sowing machines, medicine spraying machines,
2. Rotavator (Rotary Tiller):
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It is a useful tool for initial tillage, by which the residues in the field are cut into small pieces and buried in the ground, due to which the disintegration of the residue is done quickly. It is also useful in making the soil of the field friable.
This 35 hp or it is driven by horsepower tractor. The use of rotavators is very useful in mixing green manure in the soil.
It is used for plowing both wet and dry land., Especially it is fully capable of walking in light and medium soils. It is used to soften the soil up to a depth of five to six inches. With this, the fields can be prepared quickly for sowing the field in a single tillage. It is very useful in preparing paddy fields and puddling. With this, fine and fine plowing of about 1 acre of land is done in one hour.
• Working Capacity: 3-4 hectares/day.
It comes in different sizes and has different prices depending on the size.
3. Tractor operated mold board plough (Mold Board):
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To maintain the fertility of the soil, it is necessary that it should be turned over. Soil overturning plow is a very useful tool for turning the soil and suppressing weeds. Soil-turning plows do deeper plowing and also overturn more soil.
Two ploughed soil ploughs (MB plow) should be given 30-40 hp. It can be driven by a tractor whose working capacity is 1.5 hectare per day. Similarly, the soil overturning plow having 3 plows should be given 40-50 hp. This tractor can be operated with a working capacity of 2.0 hectares per day. It is very useful for deep plowing of the field in summer season and for getting green manure crops like Dhaicha/Sanai etc.
4. Cultivator:
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Also Read - Cultivation Of Oyster Mushroom
It is a hector driven device which generally produces 40-50 hp. Drives by tractor.
In this device, small sharp hooves are attached to an iron frame, the crops which are sown in rows at a certain distance, the cultivator is very useful for plowing their land.
To do the work of weeding with the cultivator, it is necessary to sow the crops in a row. Depending on the width of the rows, the distance between the hooves of the cultivator can be increased or decreased by providing levers or the width can be increased or decreased with the help of bolts.
It is also used in preparing the seed land, plowing the field, destroying weeds, breaking the lumps buried under the soil and making paddy in the paddy field.
Cultivator is the best tool for plowing the fields with sandy and sandy loam soils.
Working capacity 4-6 ha/day.
5. Disc Harrow:
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It is a very useful tool for primary tillage of the field.
With the use of this device, soil improvement, pests and their living places can be easily destroyed for good germination of seeds.
The work of dissolving the seeds and mixing the seeds well in the soil in some cases is easily done with the help of a slotted harrow.
This is a very useful device for the land with weeds because it works by cutting weeds and roots and mixing them in the soil, breaking the lumps and improving the condition of the soil 6 – 10 centimeters by it! Deep plowing can be done.
It flattens the soil by cutting it into a friable one.
The use of this harrow is very beneficial in preparing the field for sowing wheat.
This is 35-40 hp. Can be operated with a tractor of 4-5 Hectares/day.
Improved Agricultural Equipment for Sowing/Planting Crops:
1. Seed-cum-Fertilizer Drill:
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It is the most important agricultural machine for sowing wheat and other crops in the row.
It is used for row sowing seeds after plowing the field.
In this, separate boxes are made for fertilizers and seeds. Fertilizer falls at a short distance from the seed i.e., very close which is easily available to the plant.
35 hp tractor can be operated easily.
Working Capacity: 2-3 Hectare Per Day
2. Zero Till Seed-cum-Fertilizer Drill Machine :
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With this, the work of sowing wheat is done after harvesting the paddy crop without plowing the field.
With this, sowing of wheat crops can be done in the field with high moisture at the same time.
It is similar to the common seed drill, but instead of the wide sawn opening the pit, a thin sawn is used, which easily makes a thin line.
Its use saves a lot on diesel, tillage cost and human labor. The most important thing is that its use also gives more yield.
It can be driven by a tractor of 35 HP or more horsepower.
3. Happy Seeder:
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It is used for sowing wheat after the paddy is harvested.
This machine has all the features of Zero till Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill.
The unique feature of this machine is that it has a chopper to crush the remaining stalks of the crop. It buries the stalk by cutting it into the soil, due to which the carbon elements available in the stalk are also mixed in the soil along with the convenience of sowing. Thus, it is a very useful device for sowing wheat. It is powered by a 40-45 hp tractor.
4. Paddy transplanter :
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It is a useful device for transplanting the paddy straws prepared in the nursery in the fields.
For this, mat-like paddy seeds are prepared in the nursery in a different way.
Despite the lack of labor for planting and their availability on time, it is a good machine for planting paddy on time. Through this, more seedlings can be planted in a row in less time.
With this machine, 4-5 acres of land is planted in a day.
About 5 hp engine is used in it. This saves about 60 percent of the labor and 40 percent of the cost of planting.
5. Dibbler:
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It is a kind of seed sowing machine. The device by which the work of dropping seeds and covering them with soil is taken up to a fixed distance and depth in the seed bed, is called a dibbler.
This machine saves a lot of time in the sowing of seeds, due to this, its utility is more in the cultivation of wheat mainly in less area with the condensation method.
It can also be used in maize and vegetable cultivation.
6. Sugarcane Planter (Sugarcane Cutter Planter):
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This machine works for sowing sugarcane in three or two trunks, it is driven by a tractor of 40 or more horsepower.
By this machine, the sugarcane granules are sown in rows at the appropriate distance and depth.
Tractor Driven Sugarcane Plantation (Sugarcane) Planter) also has arrangements for sowing sugarcane and spraying of fertilizers and insecticides.
It is usually a two- or three-wheeled machine, which is driven by the hydraulics of the tractor.
Working Capacity: 1.6 to 2 ha. every day
7. Bed Planter:
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This machine consists of 3-5 mold boards that turn the soil on both sides of the fall so that the ground in the middle appears to be raised. That raised land is leveled by shaper and then seed drill, which is done with this machine, is sown in it. All this process is done in one go by this machine.
Wheat is mainly sown with this machine. 35 Hp tractor is required for pulling. This device is very useful for those areas where wheat is cultivated in water scarcity areas. By using this device, up to 30 percent water savings, up to 25 percent seed are saved. By using this device, wheat as well as maize, pulses and oilseed crops can be taken on the beds as an intercrop. Its use increases the usefulness of the land.
The original bed can be reshaped without dismantling, saving fuel, time, labor, and machinery.
8. Potato Planter:
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The traditional method of sowing potatoes takes more time and more effort.
Potato Sowing Machine is available in two models (2 row and 4 row).
By sowing the sized pieces at equal distances in the litter, keeps the fertilizer at a certain depth and side and covers its seed and fertilizer at the proper depth.
The automatic potato sowing machine has a picking wheel. In which there are up to 3-12 picker arms by which the potato seeds are caught. Its use saves labor, maintains soil moisture, and is a large size.
Good potatoes can be harvested ahead of time and good potato yields can be achieved.
40 hp or more tractors are required. In this, potatoes can be planted on 6-8 acres/day.
Weed killer:
1. Power Weeder:
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It is a power-driven weed killer.
It is a good useful tool for removing weeds grown in various crops like vegetables / plantations / sugarcane / other crops in hilly areas etc., which are planted in the row.
With the help of this machine, weeds of different crops can be removed easily in less time.
Efficiency 1.2 hectare per day
2. Cono weeder:
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This is a Paddy weed removal machine. In the paddy field planted in rows, 2-3 cm (about 1.18 in). After filling water after 2 to 3 days it is run between the rows, the weed gets suppressed in the same field by cutting it into pieces and air circulation is good. Due to this the plants get light, the organic residues are also decomposed, and the plants also get green manure.
It saves 10-man days per hectare.
After planting the sapling, on the 10th/20th and 30th day in both directions, it should be driven back and forth 4 times.
Working Capacity: 0.18 Hectare Per Day.
3. Hand Wheel Hoe (Two-Wheeler Hoe Machine):
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It is a hand operated tool used for hoeing and hoeing of row crops in dry land area.
It is fitted with a two-wheeler frame, 'V' blade with notches, U clamp, handle etc. The weeds are cut and uprooted by pushing the machine forward and pulling it back.
The weight of the machine is 05 kg.
Efficiency: 0.3-0.4 ha. every day.
Plant Protection Equipment in Agriculture:
1. Knapsack Sprayer:
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This is a compressed air type spare.
The stair filled with insecticide solution is propelled by the operating handle on the back.
Also Read - Cultivation Of Oyster Mushroom
2. Power Sprayer:
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This 1.2 hp 35 cc 2 stroke petrol kerosene engine driven spraying machine.
The operator operates this device by keeping it on his back.
It is a useful device for spraying insecticides in all types of crops.
Working Capacity: 3 Hectares Per Hour
3. Rocket Sprayer:
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It is a device with a long lever acting piston pump which is fitted to a wooden board which one operator presses with his feet and moves the lever back and forth with his hands and the other person holds the lens and sprays.
With the help of high jet spray, air can be sprayed up to a height of 10 meters.
Working Capacity: 1-2 ha/day.
4. Head Compression Sprayer:
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It is a hand operated sprayer placed on the back.
Working Capacity: 0.4 liters per hectare.
Irrigation Equipment
With this to raise water for irrigation and other multiple tasks can be done. This machine comes in different make/models and horsepower.
2. Drip Irrigation:
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Drip or drip irrigation is a method in which water is given drop by drop through plastic pipes on the ground around the stems of the plant or in the root growth zone with the help of drips, so that each drop of water is given to the plants. be able to use.
It has the above-mentioned device for draining water with lateral pipes of 1.2-2.0 cm (about 0.79 in) thickness, which is called dripper. It is located near the root zone of plants. In this, the sub main pipe is laid parallel to the main pipe and drippers are installed in it. For water there is a main tank made of plastic or cement to which a thick plastic main pipe is attached and in this is the water pulling motor which pushes the water into the trip line.
Drip irrigation saves water up to 40-80 percent and increases water use efficiency by 90-95 percent. Utilization efficiency of fertilizers increases and due to this the quality of crops is good.
Increase in production by 20-30 percent
3. Sprinkler Irrigation System:
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The sprinkler irrigation system is similar to the drip irrigation system. The only difference is that in drip irrigation, the waterfalls drop by drop in the root area of the plant, but in sprinkler irrigation, the water is converted into small drops and falls on the plants like a rain shower.
After the sprinkler is placed at the appropriate distance according to the crops, the pump is run due to which the water comes out with a fast flow and the nozzle in the sprinkler throws the water on the plants like a rain shower. The sprinkler is always rotating so that the crops around it can be irrigated.
It can be used in rough land and less rainfall, less irrigation and sandy land. By this, more fields can be irrigated in less time. This saves water, labor, and time.
In this, the crops are irrigated by water splash, due to which the leaves of the plants remain clean, and it is easy for the leaves to make food. This increases the growth, development, and yield of plants. It is also useful in the crops sown by the broadcasting method.
With this irrigation, soluble fertilizers or insecticides can also be used.
Its irrigation efficiency is 80 percent.
Harvesting Machine:
1. Reaper:
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As we know that time plays a significant role in agriculture. In this sequence, there is a big problem of harvesting the crop immediately after the crop is ripe. This is because almost all the farmers' crops get ready at the same time, which needs to be cut and brought to the barn or home in time. At such a time, there is a need to cut all the crops together, which is not possible with the traditional manual method. The machine which is used to cut the crop is called reaper. There are two types of reapers:
1. Automatic reapers that run on their own engines.
2.Tractor driven reaper with 35 hp to operate. tractor is enough. This machine can harvest crops between 3-8 inches from the ground.
Who walks keeping the harvested crop in a line on the right tree while cutting equally clean and evenly at a time. Its working capacity is to harvest 4-5 acres of standing crop daily. After reaping the crops, the reaper lays them in a row. Working Capacity - 1.5-2 hectare/day.
2. Automatic Reaper Cum Binder Machine:
It makes bundles simultaneously after cutting the standing crops. This machine is more useful in wheat crops than paddy. It can be used in the harvesting and binding of wheat, paddy, barley, and other crops.
Working Capacity-0.4 Hectare/Hour.
It is powered by a 12 hp engine. Harvest 3 cm 5 cm from Harvesting is done above ground.
3. Potato digger:
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It consists of blades for digging, chain conveyor belt, gear box, two wheels for depth control are mounted on the frame.
The blades are excavated in which the potato (including the soil) is mounted on the conveyor belt. The accelerator (vibrator) moves it. Due to which the soil separates from the potato and the potato falls behind the machine. The man behind the machine picks up the potatoes. With this, potatoes can be excavated from an area of about 15-20 hectares in a day.
Crop damage is very less by using this machine.
30 hp to this device. Can be easily driven by a tractor.
4. Combine Harvester:
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Harvesting of standing crops, especially wheat, gram, mustard, soybean, maize, sunflower, moong etc., harvesting and separating are done simultaneously with the combine harvester.
This machine is more costly than all the machines used in the fields, but its work efficiency is very high. It is very useful for the farmers having large holdings and is also beneficial from the industrial point of view. The use saves labor, time, and cost.
There are two types of combine harvester -
Self-propelled Combine Harvester - With this, about 10-25 hectares of crop can be harvested / rosemary daily. Less area in paddy and more harvesting/rosemary can be done in wheat. Paddy is about 0.6 ha/hr., Wheat – 0.8–1.01 ha/hr.
Tractor Operated Combine Harvester- It can harvest 5-10 hectares per day/rosemary.
5. Power Driven Thresher:
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Wheat is a popular machine for crop winnowing. Along with this, winnowing can also be done for paddy and pulse crops.
It is a useful device for separating the grains from the stalk, making straw, and decoction of straw.
This saves time and costs less
It can threshing one hectare of crop in 4 hours.
Working Capacity: 6 to 10 qt. per hour
6. Power Maize Sheller
Corn earrings are inserted into the hopper of this instrument which is attached to a drum. The drum is equipped with a shelling disc that separates the corn kernels.
This device is fitted with a mesh and high-winding blower, which separates the grain and the ear.
Engine driven and tractor operated table sheller is available. Tractor operated table cellar can separate the maize crop in less time. In this way, both time and labor are saved by this device.
Processing Farm Machinery:
Mini Rice Mill:
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At present, most of the farmers do the hulling of paddy for rice production by hauler. This machine breaks up to 15-20 percent of rice grains and farmers do not get a fair price for their produce. To overcome this problem, a rubber-reel sheller machine has been developed, due to which only 5-10 percent of the grains break. quintals/hour.
Rice mills run by electric motors and tractors are also very useful for the farmers. With these machines the husking of paddy and the polishing of rice are also done in one go. The cost of these machines generally ranges from Rs.1.25-2.50 lakhs. The price of automatic rice mill ranges from 8-16 lakhs. The capacity of different rice-mills varies from 2 qtl to 6 qtl/hr. The breakdown of rice grains coming out of rice-meal is only up to 5-10 percent and due to clean and shiny grains, farmers get higher price of rice in the market.
Maintenance of Machinery:
Agricultural Machinery Inspection:
In using any machine, it is necessary to check its parts and the level of oil in the engine. Whether all the joints of the spare parts are properly tightened or not, if any screw or nut volt has fallen, then it should be tightened with a new one. If the oil level is low, it should be done.
Mobil
All the parts that move by rubbing together require Mobil. Therefore, they should be given oil or grease in prescribed quantity. Excess oil or grease should be wiped off the joint after each transfer.
Adjustment
The belts, and springs etc. in the instruments require certain tightening. This tightness should be checked daily and adjusted if necessary.
Proper air pressure
The instruments which are fitted with rubber wheels should have a certain air pressure. When the pressure is low, the power requirement is high whereas when the pressure is high, the device starts vibrating.
Regular cleaning
After working in wet and dry fields with agricultural machinery, mud and dust accumulate in it. Therefore, it is necessary to clean the agricultural machinery daily. While washing, care should be taken so that the hot engine parts do not get water, otherwise they may crack due to sudden cooling of the parts.
Timely care
In some equipment like tractors or engines, after the prescribed time, the old oil should be removed from the engine and new oil should be filled up to the prescribed level. The level should always be met by adding distilled water to the battery in agricultural equipment.
Proper Storage
Most of the agricultural implements must be kept empty after being used for some time. In such a situation, the device should be cleaned thoroughly and then by raising it in a safe place, its wheels should be raised above the ground. Even if the instrument does not have wheels, it should be kept on wooden blocks. The instruments should be always kept in the shade so that the instruments are protected from sunlight and rain.
Precautions for saving oil:
• If oil leaks from any joint between the tank and the hose, all joints should be kept tight.
• Black smoke coming out of the engine means that there is a fault in the injector or injection pump. Therefore, after 150 hours of use in small machines and after 600 hours of use in tractors, the injector should be checked and tied again.
• If the speed of the machine does not increase even after increasing the engine speed while working, then the reason may be due to wear of parts like piston ring etc. So, they should be changed.
• When the diesel filter in the engine is dirty, the engine running is hindered. As the engine's mobil oil gets old, its power starts decreasing and diesel costs more.
Precautions in the maintenance of large agricultural machinery:
• Checking the oil level in diesel tank, engine, gear box, chain cover and air purifier and water level in the water coolant after daily or after 08 hours of working of large machinery like tractor, power tiller, combine harvester etc. Should be done
• After working for 50 hours, the metal filter of the engine air purifier should be cleaned and changed to new oil.
• After working for 100 hours, the mesh of the diesel filter should be cleaned, and the engine oil and its paper filter should also be changed.
• Diesel tank and water coolant should be cleaned after 200 hours. The injector nozzle should be checked after 500 hours of operation.